History of Life the second President of the Indonesia Republic Suharto Part 2 (End)
November 14, 1985. The winter that smothered the City of Rome at that time helped bite the body of every participant in the 23rd Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). No less than 165 member countries sent their representatives to the event which caught the eye of the world towards Indonesia at that time. Successful President Suharto ushered Indonesia from the world's largest rice importer into self-sufficiency lined up to the podium to give his speech. He handed over the aid of one million tons of dry rice (grain) from the farmers to give to the African people who were starving.
"If the development in the food sector is considered successful, it is a giant work of the entire Indonesian nation" President Suharto said in his speech. Because of that, FAO rewarded the success with a special award in the form of a gold medal on July 21, 1986. Suharto's achievements in agriculture were fantastic or terrible. Indonesia tasted large self-sufficiency starting in 1984.
Large production that year reached 25.8 million tons. In fact, the 1969 data produced by Indonesia was only 12.2 million tons. The results forced Indonesia to import rice of at least 2 million tons.
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| Sudharmono |
Therefore, on March 10, 1988, Suharto was re-elected as president by the fifth MPR. The position of vice president was handed over to Sudharmono after competing with DR Hj Naro General Chairperson of the PPP DPP.
Again, the eyes of the world were again on a Suharto. Because of his success in implementing the population and family planning program, President Suharto received an individual award certificate at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on June 8, 1989.
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| Suharto and Paul Keating |
Suharto was increasingly looked at when he succeeded in upholding the dignity of the Indonesian people in the Asian economic setting. In ASEAN, he is considered to have contributed to developing this regional organization so that it is taken into account in the world. "Without Suharto's kindness and presence, we will spend a large share of gross domestic product in the defense sector" said Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating at the time. Paul Keating calls Suharto "Father".
In his book, Suharto Political Biography, Robert Edward Elson wrote, "Suharto was a very important figure during the twentieth century in Asia." Two Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan also praised Suharto's breakthrough. However, Suharto claimed to be a peasant child with ordinary values that did not have the ambition to dominate the country of Indonesia and overtake the interests of the nation.
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| Try Sutrisno |
Suharto was elected by the MPR as president for the sixth time on March 10, 1993. This time, Try Sutrisno as vice president. After six consecutive times the MPR was appointed as president, Suharto began to declare that he had no ambition to become president for life (March 12, 1994). During his leadership this period, President Suharto dismissed Prof. Dr. Satrio Budiharjo Joedono as Minister of Trade before the end of his term (December 6, 1995).
Suharto, who began his reign as presidential official on March 12, 1967 and became president on March 27, 1968, continued to hold that position for 31 years. Initially there were those who predicted that Suharto would refuse his candidacy as president for the sixth period in 1998 after his wife died on April 28, 1996.
The estimate turned out to be wrong. When he reached 75 years old, he was not only willing to be re-nominated but accepted to be reappointed as president for the period 1998-2003. He received the Five Star award or Major General Rank at the age of 76 (September 29, 1997).
Efforts to overcome the crisis and reduce opposition
The monetary crisis that hit Asia in 1997 also hit Indonesia. In fact, the crisis also hit the economic crisis sector. On October 8, 1997, the President requested assistance from the IMF and the World Bank to strengthen the financial sector and declared the storm must have passed. The President asked all people to remain steadfast in facing the turmoil of the monetary crisis (November 29, 1997).
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| B.J. Habibie |
In the midst of a severe economic crisis and quite sharp resistance, on March 10, 1998, the MPR ratified Suharto as president for the seventh time. This time, Prof. Ing BJ Habibie as vice president. On March 17, 1998, he donated all his salaries and benefits as president and asked the willingness of other high officials to hand over his basic salary for one year in the context of the monetary crisis.
Facing demands to resign, on May 1, 1998, Suharto stated that reforms would be prepared starting in 2003. When in Egypt on May 13, 1998, President Suharto expressed his willingness to resign if indeed the people wanted and would not maintain their position with the power of arms.
Eleven ministers in the economy and industry (equin) Development VII Cabinet resigned (May 20, 1998). The monetary and economic crisis really undermined his leadership system. As a result, Suharto could not survive at the top of the country's leadership.
Only 70 days after being reappointed as president for the seventh time, Suharto was forced to resign from his position as president. President Suharto stepped down on May 21, 1998. Right at 09.00 WIB, Suharto quit his position as president. The television screen at that time broadcasts directly seconds per second the resignation process.
12-20 May 1998 is a very long period. However, in those days his power was increasingly eroded by various actions and events. Student actions spread throughout the country. Thousands of students held action concerns in various places. Trisakti students, Jakarta organized their actions not far from their campus. Participants of the action began to leave the campus yard and enter the arterial road and intend to come to the MPR / DPR Building which is very strategic. On the afternoon of May 12, 1998, there was a news broadcast of the death of four Trisakti students.
A day later, on May 13, 1998, the bodies of the four students killed were sent to their homes. Students who attended sang the song Gugur Bunga. The deaths of students were widely broadcast through radio, television and newspaper reports. The death of the four students seemed to be an explosion of a larger event. Thursday, May 14, 1998, the nation's capital (Jakarta) was hit by violent riots. On May 15, 1998, the plane carrying President Suharto and his entourage landed at 05.00 am in the morning at the Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force main air base from a visit to Cairo, Egypt to take part in the Group 15 Summit (Group 15 / G-15) .
On May 16, 1998, the President held a series of meetings including consulting with elements of the DPR leadership. On May 17, 1998, Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture Abdul Latief submitted a letter of resignation as minister. On May 18, 1998, thousands of students came to the MPR / DPR Building. The action ended with the resignation of President Suharto on May 21, 1998.
Those killed were two students in the class of 1995 and two students in the class of 1996. The 1995 class consisted of Hery Hartanto (Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Department of Machinery) and Hafidhin Alifidin Royan (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Machinery). Meanwhile, students who died in 1996 were Elang Mulia Lesmana (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Department of Architecture) and Hendriawan Sie (Faculty of Economics, Department of Management).
Suharto built and expanded General Nasution's concept of the "Middle Way" into a dual function concept to gain support for the theoretical base for the military to expand its influence through government officials, including reserve seat allocations in parliament and main posts in the civilian bureaucracy. The role of the dual function is the military's role in the permanent political field.
Ali Murtopo's lunge with his intelligence agency began to threaten Suharto. Competition between Ali Moertopo and Sumitro was used to get rid of Ali. However, Sumitro was immediately withdrawn from his position and the control of Kopkamtib was directly held by Suharto because he was considered a potential threat. Several months after the Malari incident 12 newspapers were closed and hundreds of Indonesians including students were arrested and imprisoned.
The Collapse of Suharto's New Order
The legitimacy of Suharto's authoritarian rule lay primarily in the economic development that took place during its reign. From big despair in the mid-1960s, rapid industrialization had turned Indonesia into a promising country. Influential international institutions (such as the World Bank) labelled Indonesia as an 'East Asian Miracle' in the early 1990s. Other phrases that were expressed by international institutions to describe Indonesia's economic performance were 'Asian Tiger' and 'High Performing Asian Economy' (HPAE).
Of course, the international community was also aware about the fact that human rights were not always respected by the authorities in the country. But, ironically, its suppressive nature was also key in alleviating millions of people out of poverty because there was little room for dissent in policy-making and policy implementation.
In the mid-1960s more than 50 percent of the population was classified as poor, while in 1993 this number had been reduced to 13.5 percent of the population. Other social indicators (such as school enrollment, infant mortality, life expectancy) showed similar positive results.
Suharto's style of rule was that of a political patronage system. In exchange for electoral (or financial) support, he would often buy off critics by providing them with good government positions or investment opportunities. But this preferential treatment was not confined to his critics only. During the last decade of Suharto's rule his children and close friends were able to set up huge business empires purely because of their closeness to Suharto.
Although many Indonesians were frustrated at this high level of corruption, nepotism and collusion in government circles, the government could always point to its impressive economic progress while at the same time paying lip service to the people by claiming to take efforts to reduce corruption in the country.
But this economic pillar of legitimacy vanished when the Asian Financial Crisis erupted in 1997-1998. Indonesia was the country that would be hit hardest by this crisis, snowballing from an economic crisis to a social as well as a political one. Much of its economic and social achievements were undone and the Indonesian people became determined to keep pushing for a new (Suharto-less) government.
Jakarta was turned into a battlefield in which violent riots destroyed thousands of buildings, while more than one thousand people were killed. Suharto was soon politically isolated and had no other option than to resign from the presidency.
After several demonstrations, riots, political and military pressures, and culminating in the occupation of the Indonesian Parliament / MPR building, President Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998 to avoid division and the eruption of instability in Indonesia. The government was continued by the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie.
In his 32-year administration, there has been an abuse of power including corruption and human rights violations. This is one factor in the end of the Suharto era. However, Michel Camdesus, IMF Director acknowledged that what the IMF had done in Indonesia was nothing but a catalyst for the fall of the Suharto Government. As quoted by the New York Times, Camdesus stated "we created the conditions that obliged the President of Suharto Left his job".
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In the Credentials Room, Merdeka Palace, Medan Merdeka Utara Street, Jakarta, President Suharto read the last speech
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"Since the last few years, I have been closely following the development of our national situation, especially the aspirations of the people to carry out reforms in all areas of national and state life. Based on my deep understanding of these aspirations and driven by the belief that reforms need to be carried out in an orderly, peaceful and constitutional manner.
For the sake of maintaining national unity and continuity of national development, I have stated the plan to establish a Reform Committee and change the composition of the Development Cabinet VII. However, the reality to this day shows that the Reform Committee could not be realized because there was no adequate response to the planned establishment of the committee.
In the desire to implement the reforms as well as possible, I consider that with the failure of the Reform Committee to be implemented, the change in the composition of the Development VII Cabinet is no longer needed.
With regard to the situation above, I think it is very difficult for me to be able to carry out the tasks of the state government and development properly. Therefore, taking into account the provisions of Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution and seriously paying attention to the views of DPR leaders and the leaders of the factions within them, I decided to declare my term as President of the Republic of Indonesia since I read this statement on Thursday , May 21, 1998.
My statement stopped from the position as President of the Republic of Indonesia, I conveyed before the DPR leadership and also the leadership of the MPR on the occasion of friendship. In accordance with Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution, the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie who will continue the remaining time for the position of President / Mandate of the MPR 1998-2003.
For the help and support of the people as long as I lead this country and nation of Indonesia, I say thank you and apologize if there are mistakes and shortcomings, hopefully the Indonesian people will remain victorious with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
Starting today, the VII Development Cabinet is demoted and to the ministers, I thank you. Because the situation is not possible to hold an oath before the House of Representatives, in order to avoid the leadership vacuum in organizing state government, presently the vice president's brother will also carry out a presidential oath before the Indonesian Supreme Court. "
A moment later, President Suharto handed over the head of state to Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie. After carrying out the oath of office, BJ Habibie finally officially took up the position of 3rd RI president. Welcome speeches from former President Suharto, leaders and representatives of the leadership of the MPR / DPR, ministers and those who participated in the presidential oath at that time.
Not too long ago, the Minister of Defense and Security and Commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces TNI General Wiranto read the statement: first, understanding the developing situation and the aspirations of the people, ABRI supported and welcomed the request to stop President Suharto as president and support the Vice President Mr. BJ Habibie as President of the Republic of Indonesia.
Secondly, ABRI remained compact and one hoped and invited all Indonesian people to accept President Suharto's personal will which was in accordance with the constitution, namely Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution.
Third, in this case, ABRI will continue to play an active role in preventing irregularities and other things that can threaten the integrity of the nation.
Fourth, upholding the noble values of the national culture, ABRI will continue to maintain the safety and honor of the former MPR Presidents / Mandataries including Mr. Suharto and his family.
Fifth, ABRI invites all parties to be calm, prevent riots and acts of violence that will ultimately harm the community itself.
Case of alleged corruption
After Suharto officially resigned from his position as president, various elements of the community began demanding that an investigation and trial be held of the former president who was frozen in the longest in Indonesia. On September 1, 1998, the Attorney General's team announced indications of the use of money from the foundation under the rule of former President Suharto. Through Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia (TPI) on September 6, 1998, Suharto appeared and stated that he did not have wealth abroad.
Attorney General AM Ghalib and Minister of Wasbang / PAN Hartarto met him on Cendana Street (Jakarta) to clarify the statement (21 September 1998). On November 21, 1998, the Fraksi Karya Pembangunan (FKP) proposed to the government to establish former President Suharto as a city prisoner. This was an initial act of investigating Suharto's assets and wealth which allegedly originated from Kolasi, Korupsi, and Nepotisme (KKN).
On December 3, 1998, President BJ Habibie instructed Attorney General AM Ghalib to immediately take legal action to examine former President Suharto. On December 9, 1998, Suharto was questioned by the Attorney General's Office at the Jakarta High Prosecutor's Office in connection with fundraising, national car programs, Suharto's wealth abroad, and the Tapos case.
Time magazine released news about Suharto's wealth abroad which reached US $ 15 billion (May 22, 1999). On May 27, 1999, Suharto submitted a special power of attorney to Attorney General AM Ghalib to investigate his wealth in Switzerland and Austria, as reported by Time Magazine. On June 2, 1999, Suharto reported Time Magazine to the National Police Headquarters of the Republic of Indonesia on charges of defamatory reporting. Suharto demanded compensation of around 27 billion US dollars.
Suharto owned and chaired seven foundations, namely the Mandiri Prosperous Fund Foundation, the Supersemar Foundation, the Dharma Bhakti Social Foundation, the Karya Bhakti Endowment Foundation, the Pancasila Muslim Charity Foundation, the Humanitarian Funds Foundation, the Trikora Foundation. In 1995, Suharto issued Presidential Decree Number 90 of 1995. This Presidential Decree called on employers to contribute 2 percent of their profits to the Dana Mandiri Foundation.
The results of the investigation into the cases of seven Suharto foundations produced files as thick as 2,000 pages. This file contains the results of the examination of 134 fact witnesses and 9 expert witnesses, following hundreds of authentic documents as a result of the seizure of two teams that the Attorney General's Office has formed, since 1999.
According to Transparency International, Suharto embezzled money with the largest number of other world leaders in history with an estimated 15-35 billion U.S. dollars. during the 32 years of his reign.
On May 12, 2006, to coincide with the anniversary of the Trisakti Tragedy, Attorney General Abdul Rahman Saleh issued a statement saying that he had issued a Decree on the Termination of Prosecution (SKPP) of former President Suharto, stopping the prosecution of former President Suharto's alleged corruption in seven the reason for the physical and mental conditions of the accused who were not worthy of being brought to trial. The SKPP was issued by the South Jakarta District Prosecutor's Office on May 11, 2006, but this SKPP was later declared invalid by the South Jakarta District Court on June 12, 2006.
Suharto Death
On January 27, 2008 at 13.10 WIB, Suharto passed away at Pertamina Central Hospital, Jakarta. Then around 2:35 p.m., the body of former President Suharto was dispatched from RSPP to the residence on Cendana Street number 8, Menteng, Jakarta. The ambulance that carried the body was accompanied by a number of vehicles of family and relatives and bodyguards. Journalists pushed closer when the motorcade moved towards Cendana Street, causing a television reporter to be hit.
Along Tanjung and Cendana Street roads thousands of people welcomed the arrival of vehicles carrying him body. The series of vehicles carrying the body of former President Suharto entered Cendana Street, around 14:55 a.m., Sunday.
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| Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Jusuf Kalla |
The President expressed his deep condolences over the death of former Second Indonesian President Haji Muhammad Suharto.
Sunday afternoon at 16.00 WIB, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla, first mourned to Cendana.
Funeral
The body of former president Suharto departed from the funeral home on Cendana Street, Jakarta, Monday, January 28, 2008, at 07.30 WIB to Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. Furthermore, the corpse will be flown from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport to Solo at 10:00 WIB to be buried in Astana Giri Bangun, Solo, Monday. The corpse arrived at Astana Giri Wake up that afternoon before 12.00 WIB. The deceased was relegated to lahad at 12:15 WIB along with the reverberation of the call to prayer. The deceased was already in the grave that afternoon at 12:17 WIB. The Suharto funeral was led by ceremonial inspector Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
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